How the Banker Contributes to Regulating the Process of Liquidation of Companies in the Saudi Regime

BY Nassr Albarakati · 29 January 2025

Table of content

How the Banker Contributes to Regulating the Process of Liquidation of Companies in the Saudi Regime

Company liquidation is a sensitive process that requires careful organization and close legal oversight. The liquidator plays a central role throughout, bearing responsibility for managing and settling the affairs of the dissolved company. This article examines the liquidator's role in organizing the liquidation process under Saudi law, with a practical case study drawn from the work of Nassr Legal Consultancy.

Who Is the Liquidator, and What Role Do They Play in Company Liquidation under Saudi Law?

The liquidator is the person or entity appointed to manage the liquidation of a company under Saudi law, carrying out a range of responsibilities that include valuing the company's assets, settling its debts, and distributing any remaining assets to shareholders. Under Saudi law, the liquidator is a critical figure in ensuring fairness and transparency throughout the liquidation process.

Appointment of the liquidator. The liquidator is typically appointed by resolution of the company's General Assembly, or by the competent court. The liquidator must possess the competence and experience needed to manage the liquidation process.

Inventory of assets and liabilities. The liquidator prepares a detailed inventory of the company's assets and debts, in order to determine the net value of the assets available to settle debts and distribute to shareholders.

Sale of assets. The liquidator handles the sale of the company's assets in a manner that achieves the highest possible return, in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations.

Settlement of debts. The liquidator settles all of the company's debts according to their legal priority, with due regard for creditors' rights.

Distribution of remaining assets. Once all debts have been settled, the liquidator distributes any remaining assets to shareholders in proportion to their share of capital.

Preparation of reports. The liquidator is required to prepare periodic reports on the progress of the liquidation and submit them to the competent authorities and to shareholders.

Steps in the Liquidation Process

Initial assessment. The liquidator begins with a comprehensive assessment of the company's assets and liabilities, which involves gathering financial and commercial information to determine the true value of the assets. This step is essential to building an effective liquidation plan.

Preparing the liquidation plan. Following the assessment, the liquidator prepares a liquidation plan setting out how the assets will be sold, the debts settled, and the remainder distributed to shareholders. This plan is submitted to the competent authorities for approval, reflecting the transparency built into the process.

Communicating with creditors. The liquidator maintains active communication with creditors, keeping them informed of developments in the liquidation. This communication helps build trust and ensures creditors are aware of their rights and of the liquidation procedures.

Why the Liquidator's Role Matters

Protecting the rights of creditors and shareholders. The liquidator helps protect creditors' rights by ensuring their debts are settled fairly and in an orderly manner, and protects shareholders' rights by ensuring the remaining assets are distributed equitably.

Ensuring transparency and integrity. By preparing periodic reports on the progress of the liquidation, the liquidator helps ensure transparency and integrity throughout the process.

Reducing disputes. By following the correct legal procedures, the liquidator helps reduce the likelihood of disputes arising between shareholders and creditors.

Nassr Legal Consultancy provides vital support to liquidators through:

Legal expertise. The firm helps liquidators understand the laws and regulations governing liquidation.

Strategic advice. The firm advises on how to manage the liquidation process efficiently.

Facilitating communication. The firm helps facilitate communication between the liquidator, creditors, and shareholders.

Nassr Legal Consultancy plays a central role in providing legal and administrative support to individuals and companies across a wide range of legal matters. The firm's team of experienced lawyers specializes in areas including company formation, contracts, and dispute resolution, offering comprehensive advice that helps clients understand their legal rights and obligations and guiding them through complex legal procedures. Nassr also works to build a stronger culture of legal awareness and compliance among companies, strengthening their ability to navigate legal challenges effectively. Through its commitment to quality and professionalism, Nassr Legal Consultancy has become a trusted choice for clients across the Saudi market.

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قواعد المستفيد الحقيقي المنشورة بتاريخ 22/8/1446هـ

26 February 2025

مُقدِّمَة:في إطار مكافحة التستُّر التجاري وضمان الامتثال للمعايير التجارية الدولية؛ قد أصدرَت وزارة التجارة قواعد المستفيد الحقيقي؛ بموجب القرار (235)، وتاريخ 13/8/1446هـ، على أن يتم نفاذها بتاريخ 5/10/1446هـ، الموافق 3/4/2025م، وذلك بالتزامُن مع سريان نظام السجل التجاري الجديد، وإليكُم أبرز تفاصيل هذه القواعد:أولًا: الأهداف:أوضَحَت المادة (الثانية) الأهداف المرجوَّة من تطبيق قواعد المستفيد الحقيقي، وهي كالآتي:·      رفع مستوى شفافية الشركات، توافقًا مع المُتطلبات الدولية.·      تكوين قاعدة بيانات؛ لتسجيل وحفظ بيانات المستفيد الحقيقي.وقد أُعِدَّت هذه القواعد وفقًا لتوصيات مجموعة العمل المالي (FATF)، وأفضل التقارير والممارسات الدولية.ثانيًا: نطاق سريان هذه القواعد:قَصَرت المادة (الثالثة) نطاق سريان القواعد على الشركات الخاضعة لأحكام النظام، ما عَدَا شركة المساهمة المدرجة في السوق المالية.ثالثًا: معايير تحديد وصف المستفيد الحقيقي: أوضَحَت المادة (الرابعة) هذه المعايير؛ حيثُ يُعدَّ الشخص مستفيدًا حقيقيًّا إذا تحقَّقَ فيه أحد الشروط التالية:1. امتلاك 25% من رأس مال الشركة على الأقل، بشكل مباشر أو غير مباشر.2. السيطرة على 25% من إجمالي حقوق التصويت في الشركة على الأقل، بشكل مباشر أو غير مباشر.3. أن يكون لهُ تعيين -أو عزل- المدير أو أغلبية مجلس الإدارة أو الرئيس، بشكل مباشر أو غير مباشر.4. الذي يملُك التأثير المباشر أو غير المباشر في أعمال أو قرارات الشركة.5. أن يكون ممثلًا نظاميًا لشخصية اعتبارية ينطبقُ عليها أيٍّ من المعايير المنصُوص عليها في البنود السابقة.إذا لم يتحقق أي من المعايير السابقة، يُعد مدير الشركة أو عضو مجلس إدارتها أو رئيسها هو المستفيد الحقيقي.رابعًا: التزامات الشركة:قرَّرَت المادة (الخامسة) من القواعد بعض التزامات الشركات، ومنها ما يلي:1) يجب على المؤسسين عند طلب التأسيس الإفصاح عن بيانات المستفيد الحقيقي.2) يجب على الشركات القائمة وقت نفاذ القواعد الإفصاح عن بيانات المستفيد الحقيقي إلى الوزارة، وذلك خلال مدة تنتهي بحلول تاريخ استحقاق التأكيد السنوي، وذلك في السنة (الأولى) من نفاذ هذه القواعد.3) إذا كانت الشركة مُعفاة من متطلبات الإفصاح عن بيانات المستفيد الحقيقي، بناءً على المادة (السادسة) من هذه القواعد؛ فيجبُ على المؤسسين أو الشركة -بحسب الأحوال- تقديم ما يثبت ذلك للوزارة.4)    تلتزم الشركة ببعضِ الأمور الأخرى، ومنها:Ø إعداد سجل خاص لقيد بيانات المستفيد الحقيقي، على أن يُحفَظ في المملكة.Ø تحديد المستفيد الحقيقي من الشركة، والحفاظ على إجراء تحديثِ بياناته.Ø إبلاغ الوزارة بأيِّ تغيير أو تعديل يطرأ على البياناتِ خلال (15) يومًا.Ø التقدم للوزارة بتأكيد سنوي للبيانات المفصَح عنها.خامسًا: الإعفاء من متطلّب الإفصاح:لقد بيَّنَت المادة (السادسة) بعض الشركات المعفاة، وهي:1- الشركات التي تملكها الدولة بالكامل أو أحد أجهزتها الاعتبارية، بشكل مباشر أو غير مباشر.2- الشركة الخاضِعَة لأيٍّ من إجراءات التصفية وَفق نظام الإفلاس.3- كما يُمكن للوزير منح إعفاءات إضافية من متطلب الإفصاح وَفق الحاجة.سادسًا: الإجراءات والتدابير:وضَعَت المادة (السابعة) من القواعد بعض الإجراءات والتدابير بشأنِ الإفصاح، وهي:1- حق الوزارة في طلب أي بيانات حول المستفيد الحقيقي، والشركات ملزمة بتقديمها خلال 15 يومًا من تاريخ الطلب.2- كما أنَّه يتم إبلاغ المستفيد إلكترونيًّا -من حلال الهاتف أو البريد الإلكتروني- عند تسجيله أو تحديث بياناته.3- تُصدر الوزارة دليلًا إرشاديًا لمساعدة الشركات في الامتثال لكافةِ قواعد الإفصاح عن المستفيد الحقيقي.سابعًا: سجل المستفيد الحقيقي:ذَكرَت المادة (الثامنة) أن الوزارة ستُنشئ سجلًا يحفظ بيانات الشركات المقيدة لدى السجل التجاري، وبيانات المستفيدين الحقيقيين، وأسباب تحديثها؛ وأوجبت أن يكون مشمولًا ببعض بيانات المستفيد الحقيقي:Ø   الاسم وبيانات الهوية الوطنية أو جواز السفر لغير السعوديين.Ø   العنوان الوطني أو عنوان محل الإقامة.Ø   رقم الهاتف المحمول، والبريد الإلكتروني -إن وُجِد-.Ø   معيار تحقق وصف المستفيد الحقيقي، وتاريخ ذلك.ثامنًا: حفظ بيانات المستفيد الحقيقي:قرَّرَت المادة (الثامنة) أنَّ الوزارة ستحتفظ ببيانات سجل المستفيد الحقيقي لمدةِ (5) سنوات من تاريخ:·      زوال صفة المستفيد الحقيقي.·      شطب قيد الشركة من السجل التجاري.تاسعًا: سرية سجل المستفيد الحقيقي:أقرَّت المادة (التاسعة) مبدأ سرية سجل المستفيد الحقيقي، حيث تتخذ الوزارة الإجراءات اللازمة لضمان سرية سجل المستفيد الحقيقي، ولا تُتاح هذه البيانات إلا للجهات الرقابية، والسلطات المختصة؛ وفقًا للأنظمة ذات العلاقة.عاشرًا: عقوبات المخالفات:نصَّت المادة (الحادية عشرة) من القواعد على تطبيق العقوبة المنصوص عليها في المادتين (262) و(264) من نظام الشركات (بغرامة تصل إلى 500 ألف ريال أو بأيِّ عقوبة بديلة) على الشركة التي لم تلتزم بالآتي ذكره:1- الإفصاح عن بيانات المستفيد الحقيقي.2- تحديث البيانات المفصح عنها خلال المدة المقررة.3- تقديم التأكيد السنوي خلال المدة المقررة.ختامًا:تُمثِّل قواعد المستفيد الحقيقي خطوة جوهرية نحو تحقيق المزيد من الشفافية وحماية الاقتصاد الوطني من أي ممارسات قد تُؤثِّر على نزاهة بيئة الأعمال التجارية والاستثمارية. إنَّ الامتثال لهذه القواعد هو مفتاح النجاح والاستدامة لكل الشركات التجارية، خاصة على مستوى الاقتصاد الوطني، لذا؛ يُنصح جميع الشركات بمراجعة أوضاعها والحرص على الإفصاح عن بيانات المستفيد الحقيقي تجنُّبًا لأيَّةِ مخالفات أو جزاءات قد تُؤثِّر عليها....

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